直升機教員手冊 Helicopter Instructor’s Handbook
時間：2014-11-10 08:35來源：FAA 作者：直升機翻譯 點擊：次
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To view this page ensure that Adobe Flash Player version 9.0.124 or greater is installed. Steady-state flight. Straight-and-level, unaccelerated flight, in which all forces are in balance. Symmetrical airfoil. An airfoil having the same shape on the top and bottom. Tail rotor. A rotor turning in a plane perpendicular to that of the main rotor and parallel to the longitudinal axis of the fuselage. It is used to control the torque of the main rotor and to provide movement about the yaw axis of the helicopter. Teetering hinge. A hinge that permits the rotor blades of a semirigid rotor system to flap as a unit. Translational thrust. As the tail rotor works in less turbulent air, it reaches a point of translational thrust. At this point the tail rotor becomes aerodynamically efficient and the improved efficiency produces more antitorque thrust. The pilot will be able to recognize when the tail rotor has reached translational thrust because once there is more antitorque thrust produced, the nose of the helicopter will yaw to the left (opposite direction of the tail rotor thrust) which will force the pilot correct with applying right pedal. This will in turn decrease the AOA in the tail rotor blades. Thrust. The force developed by the rotor blades acting parallel to the relative wind and opposing the forces of drag and weight. Tip-path plane. The imaginary circular plane outlined by the rotor blade tips as they make a cycle of rotation. Torque. The tendency of helicopters with a single, main rotor system to turn in the opposite direction of the main rotor rotation. Torsion Load. A type of load that causes objects to twist due to torque. Trailing edge. The rearmost edge of an airfoil. Translating tendency. The tendency of the single-rotor helicopter to move laterally during hovering flight. Also called tail rotor drift. Translational lift. The additional lift obtained when entering forward flight, due to the increased efficiency of the rotor system. Transverse-flow effect. A condition of increased drag and decreased lift in the aft portion of the rotor disk caused by the air having a greater induced velocity and angle in the aft portion of the disk. True altitude. The actual height of an object above mean sea level. Turboshaft engine. A turbine engine that transmits power through a shaft, as would be found in a turbine helicopter. Twist grip. The power control on the end of the collective control. Underslung. A rotor hub that rotates below the top of the mast, as on semirigid rotor systems. Unloaded rotor. The state of a rotor when rotor force has been removed, or when the rotor is operating under a low or negative G condition. Useful load. The difference between the gross weight and the basic empty weight. It includes the flight crew, usable fuel, drainable oil, if applicable, and payload. Variation. The angular difference between true north and magnetic north, indicated on charts by isogonic lines. Vertical vibration. A vibration in which the movement is up and down or vertical, as in an out-of-track condition. Vortex ring state. A transient condition of downward flight (descending through air after just previously being accelerated downward by the rotor) during which an appreciable portion of the main rotor system is being forced to operate at angles of attack above maximum. Blade stall starts near the hub and progresses outward as the rate of descent increases. Weight. One of the four main forces acting on a rotorcraft. Equivalent to the actual weight of the rotorcraft. It acts downward toward the center of the earth. Yaw. The movement of a rotorcraft about its vertical, or yaw, axis. G-6 A After landing Airflow and reactions in the rotor system Airfoil Airframe Airspace Air taxi Altitude and airspeed Anti-icing systems Antitorque control Antitorque system failure Application and testing preparation Approaches Arm (station) Assessing risk Atmospheric pressure Autopilot Autorotation . 3-15, Autorotations with turns Autorotative descents B Balance Ballast Basic maneuvers Before takeoff Bernoulli’s Principle Blade tip vortices Blade twist Brownout/whiteout Calculating lateral CG Carburetor Carburetor ice Center of gravity (CG) CG Aft of aft limit CG Forward of forward limit Checklists Cockpit management Collective pitch control Collision avoidance 1-9, Combination method Combustion chamber Complete loss of tail rotor thrust Compressor Computational method Confined area operations Coning Control touch Coordination Coriolis Effect (Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum) Cross-country operations Cyclic pitch control D Decision-making process Density altitude Determining empty weight Dissymmetry of lift Drag Induced drag Parasite drag Profile drag Total drag Drift Drift correction Dynamic rollover E Electrical systems Emergency equipment and survival gear Emergency procedures Emergency situations for discussion only Engine shut down Engine start Environmental systems (heating/cooling) External loads Eye anatomy and physiology F FAA reference material Airport/facility directory Helicopter Flying Handbook (FAA-H-8083-21) Instrument Flying Handbook (FAA-H-8083-15) Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge (FAA-H-8083-25) Practical Test Standards Factors affecting performance Fenestrons Fixed pitch settings Flight instruction 13-3, Flight review Flight safety practices Forces acting on the aircraft Drag Lift Thrust |
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